Dakota

=__**144/150**__= = = =__**Celtic Culture**__= 6 Languages:
 * Goidelic- Scottish Gaelic, Irish, Manx
 * Brythonic- Breton, Cornish, Welsh

Social structure:
 * Egalitarian Republic
 * Tribal law- common good for all
 * War based society- carried the decapitated heads of their enemies
 * The land is not owned by the individual
 * 6 classes: classes not closed
 * 1) Law breakers- lowest class, lost civil rights but can regain them by repaying their debt to society
 * 2) Itinerant tribesmen- hired out workers or herders for others
 * 3) Tribesmen- worked their own land, working class
 * 4) Elected officials- carried out administrative duties such as collecting taxes, maintaining roads, hospitals, and orphanages
 * 5) Professionals- trained druids, doctors, and bards
 * 6) Chieftains- elected official who has less power than the administrators, more of a figure, could be male or female
 * Bards- minstrels, musicians, and storytellers
 * Druids- religious figures, judges, and doctors

Family structure, farming, and gender roles:
 * Clans- extended family
 * Children usually raised by their aunt and uncle as a foster parents
 * Invented the iron plough: required eight oxen to pull it causing the fields to be long and narrow
 * Men and women are equal
 * Very sexually permissive, men would often take both same and opposite gender partners to bed

Celtic religion:
 * Polytheistic
 * Over 400 gods
 * Top Gods and Goddesses:
 * Dagda- the "good god" has super human strength and appetite, paired with the goddess Morrigan
 * Morrigan- goddess of war called the "Great Queen" could take the form of a raven
 * Danu- daughter of Dagda and the matriarch of the Irish god family, which are collectively known as the Tuatha de Danaan
 * Cernunnus- god of fertility, wealth, and wild animals, known as "the horned one" due to his stag antlers, he is born in the winter and dies in the summer and is reincarnated the next year
 * Cerridwen- goddess of the moon, grain, and nature, known as the greatest of all bards, lives in the summer dies in winter opposite of cernunnus
 * Practiced animal and human sacrifices
 * Druids are religious figures and would carry out rituals
 * Four main festivals:
 * 1) Imbolc- spring festival on February 1
 * 2) Beltain- summer festival on May 1
 * 3) Lughnasa- autumn harvest festival on August 1, associated with the god, Lug, due to the large feast
 * 4) Samhain- winter festival that marks the new year on November 1, gods are thought to be most aggressive requiring more sacrifices

Celtic arts and crafts: Celtic music:
 * Hallstatt culture- earliest form in the Iron Age, decorated iron tools and weapons
 * Militaristic art
 * Used to decorate Chieftain burial mounds
 * La Tene- next type, still weapon based but uses gold as decorations
 * Had some sculptures and pottery that was similar to the Greeks
 * Used symbols to decorate the metal weapons and tools
 * Symbols had different meanings
 * Preformed by Bards
 * Very folk like
 * Instruments include:
 * harps
 * pipes
 * fiddles
 * flute

Celtic sports:
 * Hurling- used wooden sticks to hit a hard ball in between the enemy's goal posts, used to settle some disputes
 * Camogie- like hurling but only played by women
 * Gaelic football- like soccer or rugby, played between two touwns



Work Cited:
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 * [|http://jjoyce200.wix.com/history#!the-new-agriculture]
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