Brianna

=Nineteenth Century Ireland Culture= The nineteenth century in Ireland was a time of great famine and migration. The nineteenth century would revolutionize not only Ireland's culture, but America's culture as well.

Language
The Irish language remained the country's major tongue until early in the nineteenth century. English was the language of the future during this time. The Gaelic language was also used during this time period, mostly used in Northern Ireland to Scotland. The Gaelic language heavily influenced the Irish language. Ireland's government leaders saw keeping Irish the country's primary language a step backward instead of forward. The Gaelic language was also the ancient language in Ireland. There are many languages that branch off of the Gaelic language. For example, the Welsh language branches off from the Gaelic language. Other languages such as Scottish Gaelic and the Tibetan language are also similar to the Gaelic language. Looking at the Gaelic alphabet, it looks similar to the English alphabet.



alphabet.underneath.http://www.gaelicmatters.com/gaelic-written-alphabet.html https://www.tcd.ie/library/epb/subject-strengths/irish-language.php http://www.yourirish.com/history/19th-century/

media type="youtube" key="vEwpNHqUsH8" width="560" height="315"

The previous video entails several details on old manuscripts. These manuscripts are all in the Gaelic language. They all are language manuscripts that explain the Gaelic language. Connor Dodd, the head of collectibles at Whyte's Irish Art & Collectbles Auctioneers, explains the meaning of these manuscripts in great details.

**Translation**
Man- duine Woman- boireannach Child- phàiste Family- teaghlach Food- biadh https://translate.google.com/?hl=en#en/gd/family https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland

**Food Production**
The nineteenth century food production in Ireland was scarce. the Great Famine occurred from 1845-1852. This was a time of mass starvation and widespread diseases. Ireland, at this time, was known for it's potato crop. Most of Ireland's economic growth came from the selling of potatoes. The Irish sustained a pork and potato diet. Eating potatoes in large quantities can provide you with enough Vitamin C to sustain a healthy diet. This until the Great Famine occurred. The fungus that caused the Great Famine was called Phytophthora infestans, also commonly referred to as "Blight". The fungus did not affected the oats and grains. The fungus, however did cause a wipe out in the potato industry. without potatoes citizens could no longer feed their pigs. Without their pigs they had no meat. This caused for a very poor diet, which lead to widespread diseases among citizens. In fact, two-fifths of the population was completely reliant on the potato crop. http://www.historyireland.com/18th-19th-century-history/a-non-famine-history-of-ireland/ https://sites.google.com/site/sukirishculture/cli/famine http://www.gettyimages.com/event/the-irish-famine-169354569#potato-blight-plate-showing-diseases-of-the-potato-in-centre-is-a-picture-id113444765

Other crops that were commonly cultivated in Ireland during this time period were beans, peas, onions, rabbits, salmon, oysters, etc. These had to imported by several other countries. Great Britain was a large contributor to Ireland during this time of need. In fact, British troops sanctioned off many port cities. This was to insure that goods would get into these cities. It was then transported to the most famine stricken parts of Ireland. The constant import of goods became a problem for the Irish government. Some often viewed that the lack of food was not the problem, father that it was the increasing cost to import it. The large imports and exports between each country began to cause issues between Great Britain and Ireland. Although, historian Cecil Woodham-Smith wrote in his book "//The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845-1849.// Woodham-Smith stated that there were no specific causes to the anger between the two countries. He believes that the constant trade between the two may have caused the anger.

http://www.irishcentral.com/news/a-walk-through-history-the-horrific-tale-of-a-mayo-villages-death-during-the-great-famine-149813955-237444911 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)

During the Great Famine many countries tried to shed light on this devastation. Great Britain in the early twentieth century sent out many news reports to get more help for Ireland. In the following video, brings attention to what Ireland was like during the Famine. It explains the everyday struggles for a family. The video also shows footage of imports coming into Ireland during The Famine. It shows lines of carts stuffed with crops, that are on their way to famine stricken provinces. media type="youtube" key="9ks9e7GaORA" width="560" height="315" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ks9e7GaORA

**Labor**
Much of Ireland's population were salesmen or farmers. Farmers were especially common in the north of Ireland. During the nineteenth century overseas shipments from Ireland to American and Great Britain became popular. This increased the amount of ship yard workers and ship builders. Exporting goods were prominent on the coast of Ireland. Although, because of the Great Famine many Irish farmers and peasants either died or left the country. The Great Famine sparked the immigration of thousands of Ireland's citizens to America. yweb.tiscali.co.uk/woodboroughheritage/historyoffarmingbydavidrose.html http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/ireland-1845-to-1922/ireland-in-the-nineteenth-century/

Child workers were also very common during the nineteenth century in Ireland. With the scarcity of potatoes more had to be done on the farms. These children, often young boys, were put into many dangerous situations. In fact, many children were kidnapped and sold as indentured servants. Children were kidnapped between the ages of three and seven. It was not until 1815, that the Irish government started punishing the kidnappers. They would serve a seven year sentence, if convicted. This punishment ultimately lowered the number of kidnappings. there were no reports of children being kidnapped after the year of 1819.

http://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/features/a-history-of-child-abuse-in-ireland-287151.html

Religion
The religious belief of many of Ireland's citizens in the nineteenth century was Protestant. However, near the end of the Great War in Ireland. The religious beliefs of many citizens changed from Protestant to Catholic. After the war, more students of Irish history came to appreciate the Catholic religion. The Catholic church played a large part in several charitable organizations after the Great Famine occurred. The Catholic church donated food, clothes and several other goods to places like Orphanages, Shelters and other Churches. Many schools were influenced by the Catholic religion. During the nineteenth century, Ireland was a great change from the Protestant religion to the Catholic religion. During the period of the Great Famine there was a law passed called the Penal Law. The Penal Laws prohibited Irish Catholics from purchasing or leasing land, from voting, from holding political office, living within five miles of corporate town, from obtaining an education, from entering a profession, and from doing the necessary things to prosper. It was not until 1829 when these laws were reformed. This was called the Roman Catholic Relief. There was still a lot of violence against Catholics throughout the nineteenth century.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland https://www.granger.com/results.asp?inline=true&image=0101506&wwwflag=3&itemx=8&screenwidth=1152

The following image shows what Irish tombstones looked like during the nineteenth century. Many of these tombstones can still be found throughout Ireland today. These tombstones showed how important faith was to Irish citizens that were affected by The Great Famine. http://www.gettyimages.co.nz/detail/news-photo/19th-century-tombstone-at-the-ruins-of-timoleague-abby-in-news-photo/621788148#19th-century-tombstone-at-the-ruins-of-timoleague-abby-in-the-village-picture-id621788148 http://www.sacredartjewelry.com/product-p/sscr500.htm

Family Structure
In 1821, the first Irish Census was ran. The census revealed that the population of Ireland was about 6.8 million citizens. Another census twenty years later revealed that the population increased by 1.4 million more citizens. The drastic increase in population, combined with the traditional system of succession was important to the division of land. Due to the Great Famine, Ireland lost nearly two million citizens. One million died of starvation, while the other million emigrated to other countries. This led to the organization of the stem-family. The stem-family placed economic situations before the desire of marriage. This allowed only two of the family's children to marry locally. These two children were the male who inherited the home and the female who married into an inheritance. Very similar to the traditions in India, the marriages were arranged. http://irishamerica.com/2013/08/the-great-hunger-and-the-celitc-gene/ http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/ireland-1845-to-1922/the-great-famine-of-1845/

The mother and father of the bride would pay a dowry for their daughter. These marriages represented an economic union and an advance to adult status. The mother and father could choose what children would stay local and what children would have to travel. The father could choose what son he wanted to inherit the family homestead. In fact, many times the homestead often fell into the hands of the youngest son. The children that did not marry locally would have to emigrate.

Another trait of the stem-family was the act of celibacy. A study in Ireland revealed that the higher percentage of women that abstained from marriage, ultimately had more children. Therefore, celibacy became more popular throughout Ireland. This act allowed the population to come back after the Great Famine.

http://www.persee.fr/doc/irlan_0183-973x_2004_hos_29_1_1675#irlan_0183-973X_2004_hos_29_1_T1_0098_0000

Art
There were many famous artists that emerged during the nineteenth century in Ireland. Every artists was known for their own unique style. For example. Lilian Lucy Davidson was known for her work on different landscapes, portraits and genres. Lilian Davidson attended the National College of Art and Design in Dublin, Ireland. While Davidson was also an artist, she also was a teacher and a writer. She was born in 1893 and she passed away in 1954. Many of her art works remains in museums in Northern Ireland. Davidson, has wrote a book called //Organisation of Children's Departments: The Effect of Statutory and Professional Requirements.// Some of her more renowned paintings include: //Mountain Sheep, Boats at Wicklow, The Turf and No More To Sea.//

http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/irish-artists-nineteenth-century.htm //Mountain Sheep, Boats at Wicklow, The Turf, and No More To Sea//

https://www.pinterest.com/loriartigiana/lilian-davidson/ http://10.0.1.11:8080/ibreports/ibp/bp.html?fn=PASD-Students-Filter&fp=87&ip=10.40.44.44&ibip=10.0.1.11&ldu=1&re=0&bu=www.invaluable.com/artist/davidson-lilian-lucy-0z475aeaza&bc=Website%20contains%20prohibited%20Auction%20content. https://www.pinterest.com/loriartigiana/lilian-davidson/

Another famous artists during this time period was Stanhope Forbes (1857-1947). Stanhope Alexander Forbes was born in Dublin Ireland in 1857, this is where he would get the inspiration for many of his pieces. Forbes was a rural life artist, meaning that his paintings captured the life of everyday citizens in the Republic of Ireland. Forbes attended Lambeth School of Art and Dulwich College. In 1901, Forbes was elected a Royal Academician. In 1928, he became a member of the St Ives Society of Artists, immediately following in 1933, Forbes became a Senior Royal Academician. You can find many of Forbes' pieces at the Carnegie Institute, Nottingham Castle and several other world renowned art exhibits. Some of Forbes famous pieces include: //A Street in Brittany, A Fish Sale on a Cornish Beach, The Lighthouse and Penzance.// //A Street in Brittany, A Fish Sale on a Cornish Beach, The Lighthouse and Penzance.//

http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/irish-artists-nineteenth-century.htm https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/a-fish-sale-on-a-cornish-beach-147654 https://www.pinterest.com/pin/384635624401582445/ https://uk.pinterest.com/pin/195765915032139420/

Gender Roles
Gender roles in nineteenth century Ireland different, compared to other countries during this time period. When the Great Famine struck Ireland it killed nearly ten percent of the population. A large part of that percentage was women. Many women in Ireland worked in the textile industry, since working at home paid nothing. The Great Famine left many men and women malnourished, which led to the down fall of the textile industry. Many women also did work on farms. A farm would require a family of six, just to maintain it sufficiently. Thus meaning that women had to do farm work as well. Although, with the higher levels of literacy and politicization there was a higher expectation for living after the Famine. This led to the great immigration if Irish citizens to America. Statistically more women immigrated to America, then men. Most men stayed in Ireland to tend their homesteads.

Jobs
Women in Ireland were typically teachers during this time period. With more women teachers came more attendance of girls in school. They would start training this girls at a young age to be teachers, nuns, nurses or textile workers. Education was paid for by the Republic of Ireland during this time, meaning that it cost nothing for families to send their children to school.

In nineteenth century Ireland women were held to the same standard as well. Where most of the older generation at the time did not believe it, there were no major controversies over the issue. Men and women did the same work and no one held any complaints. This is because many people were affected by the Famine.

http://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/women-irish-society-1800